Calcium cycle

The calcium cycle is a transfer of calcium between dissolved and solid phases. There is a continuous supply of calcium ions into waterways from rocks, organisms, and soils.[1][2] Calcium ions are consumed and removed from aqueous environments as they react to form insoluble structures such as calcium carbonate and calcium silicate,[1][3] which can deposit to form sediments or the exoskeletons of organisms.[4] Calcium ions can also be utilized biologically, as calcium is essential to biological functions such as the production of bones and teeth or cellular function.[5][6] The calcium cycle is a common thread between terrestrial, marine, geological, and biological processes.[7] Calcium moves through these different media as it cycles throughout the Earth. The marine calcium cycle is affected by changing atmospheric carbon dioxide due to ocean acidification.[4]

  1. ^ a b Walker, James C. G.; Hays, P. B.; Kasting, J. F. (1981). "A negative feedback mechanism for the long-term stabilization of Earth's surface temperature". Journal of Geophysical Research. 86 (C10): 9776. Bibcode:1981JGR....86.9776W. doi:10.1029/jc086ic10p09776. ISSN 0148-0227.
  2. ^ Berner, R. A. (2004-05-01). "A model for calcium, magnesium and sulfate in seawater over Phanerozoic time". American Journal of Science. 304 (5): 438–453. Bibcode:2004AmJS..304..438B. doi:10.2475/ajs.304.5.438. ISSN 0002-9599.
  3. ^ Ridgwell, Andy; Zeebe, Richard E. (2005-06-15). "The role of the global carbonate cycle in the regulation and evolution of the Earth system". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 234 (3–4): 299–315. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.03.006. ISSN 0012-821X.
  4. ^ a b Raisman, Scott; Murphy, Daniel T. (2013). Ocean acidification: Elements and Considerations. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. ISBN 9781629482958.
  5. ^ Nordin, B. E. C (1988). Calcium in Human Biology. ILSI Human Nutrition Reviews. London: Springer London. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-1437-6. ISBN 9781447114376. OCLC 853268074. S2CID 9765195.
  6. ^ Rubin, Ronald P.; Weiss, George B.; Putney, James W. Jr (2013-11-11). Calcium in Biological Systems. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781461323778.
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference :62 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).