Wales | |
|---|---|
| Anthem: "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" ("Land of My Fathers") | |
 Location of Wales (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) | |
| Status | Country |
| Capital and largest city | Cardiff 51°29′N 3°11′W / 51.483°N 3.183°W |
| Official languages | |
| Ethnic groups | |
| Religion (2021)[1] | List
|
| Demonym(s) | Welsh |
| Government | Devolved parliamentary legislature within parliamentary constitutional monarchy |
• Monarch | Charles III |
| Vaughan Gething | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| • Secretary of State | David TC Davies |
| • House of Commons | 40 MPs (of 650) |
| Legislature | Senedd |
| Formation | |
• Unified by Gruffydd ap Llywelyn | 1057[2] |
| 3 March 1284[3] | |
| 1543[4] | |
| 27 July 1967[5] | |
| 31 July 1998[6] | |
| Area | |
• Total[a] | 21,218 km2 (8,192 sq mi)[7] |
• Land[b] | 20,737 km2 (8,007 sq mi)[7] |
| Population | |
• Mid-2022 estimate |  3,131,640[8] |
• 2021 census | 3,107,494[1] |
• Density | 151/km2 (391.1/sq mi)[8] |
| GVA | 2021 estimate |
| • Total | £69.5 billion |
| • Per capita | £22,380[9] |
| GDP (nominal) | 2021 estimate |
• Total | £79.7 billion |
• Per capita | £25,665[10] |
| Gini (2016–19) |  30[11]medium |
| HDI (2021) |  0.898[12]very high |
| Currency | Pound sterling (GBP; £) |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (BST) |
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy (AD) |
| Driving side | left |
| Calling code | +44 |
| ISO 3166 code | GB-WLS |
| Internet TLD | .wales .cymru[c] |
Website wales.com | |
Wales (Welsh: Cymru [ˈkəm.rɨ] ⓘ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by the Irish Sea to the north and west, England to the east, the Bristol Channel to the south, and the Celtic Sea to the south-west. As of the 2021 census, it had a population of 3,107,494.[1] It has a total area of 21,218 square kilometres (8,192 sq mi) and over 2,700 kilometres (1,680 mi) of coastline.[7] It is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa), its highest summit.[13] The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable, maritime climate. The capital and largest city is Cardiff.
A distinct Welsh culture emerged among the Celtic Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, and Wales was briefly united under Gruffydd ap Llywelyn in 1055. After over 200 years of war, the conquest of Wales by King Edward I of England was completed by 1283, though Owain Glyndŵr led the Welsh Revolt against English rule in the early 15th century, and briefly re-established an independent Welsh state with its own national parliament (Welsh: senedd). In the 16th century the whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by David Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party. Welsh national feeling grew over the century: a nationalist party, Plaid Cymru, was formed in 1925, and the Welsh Language Society in 1962. A governing system of Welsh devolution is employed in Wales, of which the most major step was the formation of the Senedd (Welsh Parliament, formerly the National Assembly for Wales) in 1998, responsible for a range of devolved policy matters.
At the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, development of the mining and metallurgical industries transformed the country from an agricultural society into an industrial one; the South Wales Coalfield's exploitation caused a rapid expansion of Wales's population. Two-thirds of the population live in South Wales, including Cardiff, Swansea, Newport and the nearby valleys. The eastern region of North Wales has about a sixth of the overall population, with Wrexham being the largest northern city. The remaining parts of Wales are sparsely populated. Now that the country's traditional extractive and heavy industries have gone or are in decline, the economy is based on the public sector, light and service industries, and tourism. Agriculture in Wales is largely livestock based, making Wales a net exporter of animal produce, contributing towards national agricultural self-sufficiency.
The country has a distinct national and cultural identity and from the late 19th century onwards Wales acquired its popular image as the "land of song", in part due to the eisteddfod tradition and rousing choir singing. Both Welsh and English are official languages. A majority of the population in most areas speaks English whilst the majority of the population in parts of the north and west speak Welsh, with a total of 538,300 Welsh speakers across the entire country.
- ^ a b c d UK Census (2021). "2021 Census Area Profile – Wales Country (W92000004)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Wales Hist 100was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Statute of Rhuddlan". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
- ^ "Laws in Wales Act 1535 (repealed 21.12.1993)". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
- ^ "Welsh Language Act". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
- ^ "Government of Wales Act 1998". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
- ^ a b c "Standard Area Measurements (Latest) for Administrative Areas in the United Kingdom (V2)". Open Geography Portal. Office for National Statistics. 12 March 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ a b "Estimates of the population for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ Fenton, Trevor (25 April 2023). "Regional gross value added (balanced) per head and income components". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ Fenton, Trevor (25 April 2023). "Regional gross domestic product: all ITL regions". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
- ^ "Gini coefficient by UK nation". Scottish Government. February 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- ^ "Subnational HDI". Global Data Lab. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
- ^ "A Beginners Guide to UK Geography (2023)". Open Geography Portal. Office for National Statistics. 24 August 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).