Manipur

Manipur
State of Manipur
Clockwise from top: the Sanamahi Kiyong in the Nongmaiching Ching mountain, the Ima Keithel (Ima Market), the dual statues of the Kangla Sha dragons, the Loktak lake, the Temple of Pakhangba inside the Kangla Fort, the Manipuri classical dance, the Marjing Polo Statue
Anthem: Sana Leibak Manipur
(Meitei for 'Manipur, Land of Gold')[1]
The map of India showing Manipur
Location of Manipur in India
Coordinates: 24°49′N 93°56′E / 24.81°N 93.94°E / 24.81; 93.94
Country India
RegionNortheast India
Before wasManipur Kingdom
Admission to union15 October 1949[2]
As union territory1956
As state1972
Capital
and largest city
Imphal
Districts16
Government
 • BodyGovernment of Manipur
 • GovernorAnusuiya Uikey[3]
 • Chief ministerN. Biren Singh[4] (BJP)
State LegislatureUnicameral
 • AssemblyManipur Legislative Assembly (60 seats)
National ParliamentParliament of India
 • Rajya Sabha1 seat
 • Lok Sabha2 seats
High CourtManipur High Court
Area
 • Total22,327 km2 (8,621 sq mi)
 • Rank23rd
Population
 (2011)[5]
 • Total2,855,794
 • Rank23rd
 • Density130/km2 (300/sq mi)
 • Urban
30.21%
 • Rural
69.79%
Language
 • OfficialManipuri
 • Official scriptMeitei script
GDP
 • Total (2024–25)0.527 lakh crore (US$6.6 billion)
 • Rank28th
 • Per capita91,559 (US$1,100) (27th)
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-MN
Vehicle registrationMN
HDI (2018)0.696[6] (15th)
Literacy (2011)76.94% (18th)
Sex ratio (2011)985/1000
Websitemanipur.gov.in
Symbols of Manipur
SongSana Leibak Manipur
(Meitei for 'Manipur, Land of Gold')[1]
Bird
Nongin
(Meitei for 'Syrmaticus humiae')
Fish
Pengba
(Meitei for 'Osteobrama belangeri')[7]
Flower
Shirui lily (Lilium mackliniae)
Mammal
Sangai
(Meitei for 'Cervus eldi eldi')
Tree
Uningthou
(Meitei for 'Phoebe hainesiana')
List of Indian state symbols

Manipur (/ˌmʌnɪˈpʊər/,[8] US also /ˌmænɪˈpʊər/;[9] Meitei: Kangleipak[a][10][11][12]) is a state in northeast India, with the city of Imphal as its capital.[13] It is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west. It also borders two regions of Myanmar, Sagaing Region to the east and Chin State to the south. The state covers an area of 22,327 km2 (8,621 sq mi). The official and most widely spoken language is the Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri). Native to the Meitei people, it is also used as a lingua franca by smaller communities, who speak a variety of other Tibeto-Burman languages.[14] Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years.[15] This exchange connects the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia to Southeast Asia, East Asia, Siberia, regions in the Arctic, Micronesia and Polynesia enabling migration of people, cultures and religions.[16][17]

During the days of the British Raj, the Kingdom of Manipur was one of the princely states.[18] Between 1917 and 1939, some people of Manipur pressed the princely rulers for democracy. By the late 1930s, the princely state of Manipur negotiated with the British administration its preference to continue to be part of the British Raj rather than part of British-ruled Burma, which was being separated from India. These negotiations were cut short with the outbreak of World War II in 1939. On 11 August 1947, Maharaja Budhachandra signed an Instrument of Accession, joining the new Indian Union.[19][20] Later, on 21 September 1949, he signed a Merger Agreement, merging the kingdom into India, which led to its becoming a Part C State.[21][22] This merger was later disputed by groups in Manipur, as having been completed without consensus and under duress.[23] The dispute and differing visions for the future has resulted in a 50-year insurgency in the state for independence from India, as well as in repeated episodes of violence among ethnic groups in the state.[24] From 2009 through 2018, the conflict was responsible for the violent deaths of over 1000 people.[25]

The Meitei people[26] represent around 53% of the population of Manipur state, followed by various Naga ethnic groups at 24% and various Kuki/Zo tribes (also known as Chin-Kuki-Mizo people) at 16%.[27] Manipur's ethnic groups practice a variety of religions.[28] According to 2011 census, Hinduism and Christianity are the major religions of the state.[28][29] Between the 1961 and 2011 censuses of India, the share of Hindus in the state declined from 62% to 41%, while the share of Christians rose from 19% to 41%.[30]

Manipur has primarily an agrarian economy, with significant hydroelectric power generation potential. It is connected to other areas by daily flights through Imphal Airport, the second largest in northeastern India.[31] Manipur is home to many sports and the origin of Manipuri dance,[32] and is credited with introducing polo to Europeans.[33]

  1. ^ "'Sana Leibak Manipur' adopted as State Song by Cabinet". 12 August 2021. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  2. ^ SINHA, L. P. (1987). "The Politics and Government of Manipur". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 48 (4): 487–493. ISSN 0019-5510. JSTOR 41855332.
  3. ^ Laithangbam, Iboyaima (27 August 2021). "Ganesan sworn in as Manipur Governor". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
  4. ^ BJP leader Biren Singh sworn in as Manipur Chief Minister Archived 15 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, India Today (15 March 2017)
  5. ^ "Manipur Population Sex Ratio in Manipur Literacy rate data". census2011.co.in. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  6. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab". globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  7. ^ "State Fishes of India" (PDF). National Fisheries Development Board, Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  8. ^ "Manipur". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021.
  9. ^ "Manipur". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
  10. ^ Sanajaoba, Naorem (1988). Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. Mittal Publications. p. 89. ISBN 978-81-7099-853-2. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  11. ^ Yamahata, Chosein (2022). Social Transformations in India, Myanmar, and Thailand: Identity and Grassroots for Democratic Progress. Springer Nature. p. 242. ISBN 978-981-16-7110-4. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  12. ^ Sahoo, Ajaya K. (30 March 2021). Routledge Handbook of Asian Diaspora and Development. Routledge. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-000-36686-0. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  13. ^ Manipur: Treatise & Documents, Volume 1, ISBN 978-8170993995, Introduction
  14. ^ "Manipuri language". Britannica. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  15. ^ Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization, Volume 4, Chapter 1: NK Singh, ISBN 978-8170998532
  16. ^ Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization, Volume 4, Chapter 4: K Murari, ISBN 978-8170998532
  17. ^ "Trade connection of Manipur with Southeast Asia in Pre British period Part 2 by Budha Kamei". Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  18. ^ Naorem Sanajaoba (Editor), Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization, Volume 4, Chapter 2: NT Singh, ISBN 978-8170998532
  19. ^ Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur: Under the Framework of the Instrument of Accession, 1947, Research and Media Cell, CIRCA, 2018, p. 26, GGKEY:8XLWSW77KUZ, archived from the original on 10 January 2022, retrieved 19 August 2018
  20. ^ Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur 2011, Chapter 6, p. 139
  21. ^ U. B. Singh, India Fiscal Federalism in Indian Union (2003), p. 135
  22. ^ K.R. Dikshit; Jutta K Dikshit (2013). North-East India: Land, People and Economy. Springer Science. p. 56. ISBN 978-94-007-7055-3.
  23. ^ Kalpana Kannabiran; Ranbir Singh (2008). Challenging The Rules(s) of Law. SAGE Publications. p. 264. ISBN 978-81-321-0027-0.
  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference hrwm was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference satp9413 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ Khomdan Singh Lisam, Encyclopaedia Of Manipur, ISBN 978-8178358642, pp. 322–347
  27. ^ "Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  28. ^ a b "Population by religion community - 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015.
  29. ^ "Hueiyen Lanpao | Official Website Manipur Daily". Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  30. ^ "Christian population on the rise in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur". Hindustan Times. 8 March 2017. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  31. ^ Cite error: The named reference manipuraai was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  32. ^ Reginald Massey 2004, pp. 177–184.
  33. ^ Cite error: The named reference nam.ac.uk was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


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