Hookah

An Indian man smoking through a hookah, Rajasthan, India.

A hookah (Hindustani: حُقّہ (Nastaleeq), हुक़्क़ा (Devanagari), IPA: [ˈɦʊqːa]; also see other names),[1][2][3] shisha,[3] or waterpipe[3] is a single- or multi-stemmed instrument for heating or vaporizing and then smoking either tobacco, flavored tobacco (often muʽassel), or sometimes cannabis, hashish and opium.[3] The smoke is passed through a water basin—often glass-based—before inhalation.[3][4][5][6][7]

The major health risks of smoking tobacco, cannabis, opium and other drugs through a hookah include exposure to toxic chemicals, carcinogens and heavy metals that are not filtered out by the water,[3][8][9][10][11] alongside those related to the transmission of infectious diseases and pathogenic bacteria when hookahs are shared.[3][9][12][13] Hookah and waterpipe use is a global public health concern, with high rates of use in the populations of the Middle East and North Africa as well as in young people in the United States, Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia.[3][8][9][10][11]

The hookah or waterpipe was invented by Abul-Fath Gilani, a Persian physician of Akbar, in the Indian city of Fatehpur Sikri during Mughal India;[9][14][15] the hookah spread from the Indian subcontinent to Persia first where the mechanism was modified to its current shape and then to the Near East.[16] Alternatively, it could have originated in the Safavid dynasty of Persia,[9][17][18] from where it eventually spread to the Indian subcontinent.[19][20]

Despite tobacco and drug use being considered a taboo when the hookah was first conceived, its use became increasingly popular among nobility and subsequently widely accepted.[21] Burned tobacco is increasingly being replaced by vaporizing flavored tobacco. Still the original hookah is often used in rural South Asia, which continues to use tumbak (a pure and coarse form of unflavored tobacco leaves) and smoked by burning it directly with charcoal.[22] While this method delivers a much higher content of tobacco and nicotine, it also incurs more adverse health effects compared to vaporizing hookahs.[citation needed]

The word hookah is a derivative of "huqqa", a Hindustani word,[2][23][24] of Arabic origin (derived from حُقَّة ḥuqqa, "casket, bottle, water pipe").[25] Outside its native region, hookah smoking has gained popularity throughout the world,[16] especially among younger people.[26]

  1. ^ The Ceylon Antiquary and Literary Register, Volume 1. 1916. p. 111. It has even drawn largely on English, and such words as daktar and platfarm, isteshan and tikat, trem-ghari and rel-ghari, registran karna and apil karna are as common as similar words are in Ceylon. To make up for it Hindustani has not only enriched the vocabulary of Anglo-Indian English with such words as topi and pugre, oheerot and hookah, dhoby and sepoy, ghary and tamasha, durbar and bukshish, Kachcheri and Punkah, but has contributed to it words like jungle, bazar, [and] loot. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  2. ^ a b Pathak, R. S. (1994). Indianisation of English Language and Literature. Bahri Publications. p. 72. Bhabani Bhattacharya, who uses Hindi words like taveez, laddoo, hookah, vaid and halwai, also makes deft employment of reverential term Bai for the heroine besides using exclamatory terms as Ho, Han (yes) and Ram-Ram.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Qasim, Hanan; Alarabi, A. B.; Alzoubi, K. H.; Karim, Z. A.; Alshbool, F. Z.; Khasawneh, F. T. (September 2019). "The effects of hookah/waterpipe smoking on general health and the cardiovascular system" (PDF). Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. 24 (58). BioMed Central: 58. Bibcode:2019EHPM...24...58Q. doi:10.1186/s12199-019-0811-y. ISSN 1347-4715. PMC 6745078. PMID 31521105. S2CID 202570973. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  4. ^ Devichand, Mukul (25 June 2007). "UK | Magazine | Pipe dream". BBC News. Retrieved 3 September 2013. Despite being a recent addition to British culture, shisha has a long history. Many believe that it originated in India (known there as "hookah") about a thousand years ago, when more often the shisha pipe was used to smoke opium rather than tobacco.
  5. ^ The cyclopaedia of India and of Jordan and eastern and southern Asia, Volume 2. Bernard Quaritch. 1885. Retrieved 1 August 2007. HOOKAH. Hindi. The Indian pipe and apparatus for smoking.
  6. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hookah" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 670.
  7. ^ "WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (TobReg) an advisory note Waterpipe tobacco smoking: dangerous health effects include risk to public safety if used by multiple users, research needs and recommended actions by regulators, 2005" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved 3 September 2013.[dead link]
  8. ^ a b Alarabi, A. B.; Karim, Z. A.; Alshbool, F. Z.; Khasawneh, F. T.; Hernandez, Keziah R.; Lozano, Patricia A.; Montes Ramirez, Jean E.; Rivera, José O. (February 2020). "Short-Term Exposure to Waterpipe/Hookah Smoke Triggers a Hyperactive Platelet Activation State and Increases the Risk of Thrombogenesis". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 40 (2). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: 335–349. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.313435. ISSN 1079-5642. PMC 7000176. PMID 31941383. S2CID 210335103.
  9. ^ a b c d e Patel, Mit P.; Khangoora, Vikramjit S.; Marik, Paul E. (October 2019). "A Review of the Pulmonary and Health Impacts of Hookah Use". Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 16 (10). American Thoracic Society: 1215–1219. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201902-129CME. ISSN 2325-6621. PMID 31091965. S2CID 155103502.
  10. ^ a b Etemadi, Arash; Blount, Benjamin C.; Calafat, Antonia M.; Chang, Cindy M.; De Jesus, Victor R.; Poustchi, Hossein; Wang, Lanqing; Pourshams, Akram; Shakeri, Ramin; Shiels, Meredith S.; Inoue-Choi, Maki; Ambrose, Bridget K.; Christensen, Carol H.; Wang, Baoguang; Ye, Xiaoyun; Murphy, Gwen; Feng, Jun; Xia, Baoyun; Sosnoff, Connie S.; Boffetta, Paolo; Brennan, Paul; Bhandari, Deepak; Kamangar, Farin; Dawsey, Sanford M.; Abnet, Christian C.; Freedman, Neal D.; Malekzadeh, Reza (February 2019). "Urinary Biomarkers of Carcinogenic Exposure among Cigarette, Waterpipe, and Smokeless Tobacco Users and Never Users of Tobacco in the Golestan Cohort Study". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 28 (2). American Association for Cancer Research: 337–347. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-0743. eISSN 1538-7755. ISSN 1055-9965. PMC 6935158. PMID 30622099. S2CID 58560832.
  11. ^ a b WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (2015). Advisory note: waterpipe tobacco smoking: health effects, research needs and recommended actions by regulator (PDF) (2nd. ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization.
  12. ^ Akl, EA; Gaddam, S; Gunukula, SK; Honeine, R; Jaoude, PA; Irani, J (June 2010). "The effects of waterpipe tobacco smoking on health outcomes: a systematic review". International Journal of Epidemiology. 39 (3): 834–57. doi:10.1093/ije/dyq002. PMID 20207606.
  13. ^ El-Zaatari, ZM; Chami, HA; Zaatari, GS (March 2015). "Health effects associated with waterpipe smoking". Tobacco Control. 24 (Suppl 1): i31–i43. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051908. PMC 4345795. PMID 25661414.
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference Sivaramakrishnan4-5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ The Wealth of India. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. 1976. Retrieved 1 August 2007. The smoking of hookah and hubble-bubble started in India during the reign of the great Moghul emperor, Akbar
  16. ^ a b Khaled Aljarrah; Zaid Q Ababneh; Wael K Al-Delaimy (2009). "Perceptions of hookah smoking harmfulness: predictors and characteristics among current hookah users". Tobacco Induced Diseases. 5 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/1617-9625-5-16. ISSN 1617-9625. PMC 2806861. PMID 20021672. Hookahs originated in India in the 15th century and then spread to the Near East countries. Hookahs spread first to Persia and underwent further changes to its original shape to the current known shape. In the middle of the 16th century, hookahs reached the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and other Mediterranean regions.
  17. ^ "ḠALYĀN". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 29 May 2019. It seems, therfore, [sic] that Abu'l-Fatḥ Gīlānī should be credited with the introduction of the ḡalyān, already in use in Persia, to India.
  18. ^ Nichola Fletcher (1 August 2005). Charlemagne's tablecloth: a piquant history of feasting. Macmillan. p. 10. ISBN 9780312340681.
  19. ^ Sandra Alters; Wendy Schiff (28 January 2011). Essential Concepts for Healthy Living Update. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 9780763789756.
  20. ^ Prakash C. Gupta (1992). Control of tobacco-related cancers and other diseases: proceedings of an international symposium, January 15–19, 1990, TIFR, Bombay. Prakash C. Gupta. p. 33. ISBN 9780195629613.
  21. ^ Chopra, H. K.; Nanda, Navin C. (30 December 2012). Textbook of Cardiology (A Clinical & Historical Perspective). JP Medical Ltd. ISBN 978-93-5090-081-9.
  22. ^ Qasim H, Alarabi AB, Alzoubi KH, Karim ZA, Alshbool FZ, Khasawneh FT (September 2019). "The effects of hookah/waterpipe smoking on general health and the cardiovascular system". Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. 24 (1): 58. Bibcode:2019EHPM...24...58Q. doi:10.1186/s12199-019-0811-y. PMC 6745078. PMID 31521105.
  23. ^ Qadeer, Atlaf (2011). "The Socio-Cognitive Dynamics of Hindi/Urdu Lexemes in the Concise Oxford English Dictionary" (PDF). Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  24. ^ Pathak, R. S. (1994). Indianisation of English Language and Literature. Bahri Publications/. p. 24. In the domain of philosophy, religion and fine arts, particularly music, the words come entirely from Hindi-Sanskrit. The commonest ones are puja, bhajan, shastra, purana, karma, vina, raga, etc. Finally, common festivals and socio-cultural institutions throughout the country provide such terms as Holi, Dee(pa)wali, brahmin, sudra, hookah, bidi, budmash, shikari and so on.
  25. ^ Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884). The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary. London: W. H. Allen. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  26. ^ Brockman, LN; Pumper, MA; Christakis, DA; Moreno, MA (December 2012). "Hookah's new popularity among US college students: a pilot study of the characteristics of hookah smokers and their Facebook displays". BMJ Open. 2. 2 (6): e001709. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001709. PMC 3533013. PMID 23242241.